Arithmetic of Jacobi polynomials

A mix of human-written and AI-generated textHuman understanding: some partsmath.GM — General Mathematics

Contributed by Khai Hoan Nguyen Dang ↗

Version 1 / Oct 22, 2026 / CC BY 4.0

Abstract

We study the arithmetic of Jacobi polynomials. As applications, we prove the Mahlburg--Ono conjecture on the irreducibility and Galois groups of the four Kaneko--Zagier families, and the Cullinan--Hajir conjecture on the Galois groups of Legendre polynomials. Other applications concern common zeros of Jacobi polynomials, harmonic functions on cones, and hyperelliptic Jacobians.

Provenance statement

This work was developed by the author with assistance from ChatGPT (OpenAI). The author developed the overall approach and methods, building on the prior work cited in the manuscript. During the research and preparation of the manuscript, ChatGPT was used to discuss and revise mathematical arguments, improve the exposition and search for relevant literature. It also assisted with all computations presented in the appendices.

Tools used

OpenAI
ChatGPTVersion Astra
OpenAI
Codex

References

  1. M. L. Agranovsky, On a problem of injectivity for the Radon transform on a paraboloid , Contemp. Math. 251 (2000), 1--14. doi:10.1090/conm/251/03856 (https://doi.org/10.1090/conm/251/03856).DOI
  2. M. L. Agranovsky and Y. Krasnov, Quadratic divisors of harmonic polynomials in Rn\mathbb R^n , J. Anal. Math. 82 (2000), 379--395. doi:10.1007/BF02791236 (https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02791236).DOI
  3. M. A. Bennett, G. Martin, K. O'Bryant, and A. Rechnitzer, Explicit bounds for primes in arithmetic progressions , Illinois J. Math. 62 (2018), no. 1--4, 427--532. 10.1215/ijm/1552442669.DOI
  4. K. Besrour, H. Saber, and A. Sebbar, Reducible modular differential equations, Jacobi pole divisors, and supersingular lifts , preprint, 2026, arXiv:2508.10788v3 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2508.10788v3).arXiv
  5. J. Brillhart and P. Morton, Class numbers of quadratic fields, Hasse invariants of elliptic curves, and the supersingular polynomial , J. Number Theory 106 (2004), no. 1, 79--111. 10.1016/j.jnt.2004.01.006.DOI
  6. J. Cullinan and R. Gajek-Leonard, On the Newton polygons of Kaneko--Zagier lifts of supersingular polynomials , Res. Number Theory 2 (2016), article 34. 10.1007/s40993-016-0064-4.DOI
  7. J. Cullinan and F. Hajir, On the Galois groups of Legendre polynomials , Indag. Math. (N.S.) 25 (2014), no. 3, 534--552. 10.1016/j.indag.2014.01.004.DOI
  8. J. Cullinan and F. Hajir, Algebraic properties of Kaneko--Zagier lifts of supersingular polynomials , Proc. Amer. Math. Soc. 145 (2017), no. 6, 2291--2304. 10.1090/proc/13212.DOI
  9. J. Cullinan, F. Hajir, and E. Sell, Algebraic properties of a family of Jacobi polynomials , J. Théor. Nombres Bordeaux 21 (2009), no. 1, 97--108. 10.5802/jtnb.659.DOI
  10. Z. Deng, A proof of the irreducibility conjecture for Legendre polynomials , preprint, 2026, arXiv:2609.22336v2 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22336v2).arXiv
Show all 28 referencesShow fewer references
  1. Z. Deng, A proof of the common root conjecture for Legendre polynomials , arXiv:2609.22330v1 (https://arxiv.org/abs/2609.22330v1).arXiv
  2. P. Dusart, Estimates of some functions over primes without R.H. , arXiv:1002.0442 (https://arxiv.org/abs/1002.0442) (2010).arXiv
  3. M. Filaseta, The irreducibility of all but finitely many Bessel polynomials , Acta Math. 174 (1995), no. 2, 383--397. 10.1007/BF02392470.DOI
  4. M. Filaseta and O. Trifonov, The irreducibility of the Bessel polynomials , J. reine angew. Math. 550 (2002), 125--140. 10.1515/crll.2002.069.DOI
  5. J. E. Greilhuber, Quadratic cones on which few harmonic functions vanish , Int. Math. Res. Not. IMRN 2025 , no. 16, rnaf246. doi:10.1093/imrn/rnaf246 (https://doi.org/10.1093/imrn/rnaf246).DOI
  6. D. Hanson, On the product of the primes , Canad. Math. Bull. 15 (1972), no. 1, 33--37. 10.4153/CMB-1972-007-7.DOI
  7. G. A. Jones, Primitive permutation groups containing a cycle , Bull. Aust. Math. Soc. 89 (2014), no. 1, 159--165. 10.1017/S000497271300049X.DOI
  8. M. Kaneko and D. Zagier, Supersingular jj-invariants, hypergeometric series, and Atkin's orthogonal polynomials , in Computational perspectives on number theory (Chicago, IL, 1995), AMS/IP Stud. Adv. Math., vol. 7, Amer. Math. Soc., Providence, RI, 1998, pp. 97--126. 10.1090/amsip/007/05.DOI
  9. K. Mahlburg and K. Ono, Arithmetic of certain hypergeometric modular forms , Acta Arith. 113 (2004), no. 1, 39--55. 10.4064/aa113-1-4.DOI
  10. D. Mangoubi and A. Weller Weiser, Harmonic functions vanishing on a cone , Israel J. Math. 230 (2019), no. 2, 563--581. doi:10.1007/s11856-018-1823-9 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11856-018-1823-9).DOI
  11. H. L. Montgomery and R. C. Vaughan, The large sieve , Mathematika 20 (1973), no. 2, 119--134. 10.1112/S0025579300004708.DOI
  12. F. W. J. Olver, A. B. Olde Daalhuis, D. W. Lozier, B. I. Schneider, R. F. Boisvert, C. W. Clark, B. R. Miller, B. V. Saunders, H. S. Cohl, and M. A. McClain, eds., NIST Digital Library of Mathematical Functions , release 1.2.8, 15 September 2026, https://dlmf.nist.gov/.link
  13. H. Render, Harmonic divisors and rationality of zeros of Jacobi polynomials , Ramanujan J. 31 (2013), no. 3, 257--270. doi:10.1007/s11139-013-9475-1 (https://doi.org/10.1007/s11139-013-9475-1).DOI
  14. I. Schur, Affektlose Gleichungen in der Theorie der Laguerreschen und Hermiteschen Polynome , J. reine angew. Math. 165 (1931), 52--58. 10.1515/crll.1931.165.52.DOI
  15. T. J. Stieltjes, Letter no. 275 to C. Hermite, 2 October 1890, in B. Baillaud and H. Bourget, eds., Correspondance d'Hermite et de Stieltjes , tome II, Gauthier-Villars, Paris, 1905, pp. 104--106.
  16. G. Szegő, Orthogonal Polynomials , fourth ed., Amer. Math. Soc. Colloq. Publ. 23 , American Mathematical Society, Providence, RI, 1975. doi:10.1090/coll/023 (https://doi.org/10.1090/coll/023).DOI
  17. J. H. Wahab, New cases of irreducibility for Legendre polynomials , Duke Math. J. 19 (1952), no. 1, 165--176. 10.1215/S0012-7094-52-01917-0.DOI
  18. Yu. G. Zarhin, Very simple 22-adic representations and hyperelliptic Jacobians , Mosc. Math. J. 2 (2002), no. 2, 403--431. doi:10.17323/1609-4514-2002-2-2-403-431 (https://doi.org/10.17323/1609-4514-2002-2-2-403-431).DOI

Version history

  1. v1Submitted by Khai Hoan Nguyen DangInitial depositCurrentOct 22, 2026