\documentclass[11pt]{article} \usepackage[T1]{fontenc} \usepackage{lmodern} \usepackage[margin=1in]{geometry} \usepackage{amsmath,amssymb,amsthm,mathtools} \usepackage{microtype} \usepackage{booktabs} \usepackage[hidelinks]{hyperref} \usepackage{url} \urlstyle{same} \linespread{1.035} \setlength{\parskip}{3pt} \setlength{\emergencystretch}{2em} \newtheorem{theorem}{Theorem} \newtheorem{lemma}[theorem]{Lemma} \newtheorem{proposition}[theorem]{Proposition} \newtheorem{corollary}[theorem]{Corollary} \theoremstyle{remark} \newtheorem{remark}[theorem]{Remark} \DeclareMathOperator{\Tr}{Tr} \DeclareMathOperator{\TD}{TD} \newcommand{\id}{I} \newcommand{\cD}{\mathcal D} \newcommand{\cS}{\mathcal S} \newcommand{\Sraw}{S_{\mathrm{raw}}} \title{\LARGE Shared Randomness and Normalization\\ in One-Use Loop Communication} \author{Daniel A. Pyle\\\normalsize Independent Researcher} \date{Research draft --- 30 October 2026} \hypersetup{pdftitle={Shared Randomness and Normalization in One-Use Loop Communication},pdfauthor={Daniel A. Pyle},pdfsubject={Exact finite-message optimization in a specified normalized-loop model}} \begin{document} \maketitle \begin{abstract} We study a finite-message communication model defined by contracting one backward binary symmetric channel with one fixed, finite-dimensional forward quantum channel and then normalizing the resulting weights. The devices may share a finite classical seed that is independent of the message \emph{before normalization}. The seed branches are mixed at the level of unnormalized weights, followed by a single normalization for each message. For $M\geq2$ messages, backward crossover probability $00}\frac{D_s}{Q_s}. \label{eq:seedbound} \end{equation} Thus an upper bound on every unseeded aggregate ratio \begin{equation} R=\frac{\sum_m w_m(m)}{\sum_m Z_m} \label{eq:single} \end{equation} also bounds the seeded minimax objective. This step bounds a ratio of sums; it does not replace the objective with an unweighted average of conditional successes. \begin{lemma} \label{lem:extreme} To upper-bound \eqref{eq:single}, it suffices to consider decoders that, for each $b$, choose one deterministic label $y_b$ and prepare one pure state $\rho_b$. \end{lemma} \begin{proof} Fix all encoder effects. For a fixed $b$, the feasible tuples $(\tau_{yb})_y$ in \eqref{eq:decoder} form a compact convex set. Spectrally decomposing each block expresses any such tuple as a convex combination of tuples with exactly one nonzero block, that block being a rank-one unit-trace state. Conversely, each such tuple is extreme: positivity forces any convex decomposition to retain its only nonzero block, and a pure state has no nontrivial state decomposition. The feasible decoder set is the product of the two sets for $b=0,1$. Taking products of the two finite decompositions gives a convex decomposition into the stated decoders. For fixed effects, the numerator $N$ and denominator $T$ of \eqref{eq:single} are linear in the decoder blocks. If a decoder decomposes with weights $\lambda_j$, then $T_j>0$ by \eqref{eq:positive} and \[ \frac{N}{T}=\sum_j\frac{\lambda_jT_j}{T}\,\frac{N_j}{T_j}. \] At least one component has ratio no smaller than the original. An upper bound for all such components and all encoder effects is therefore an upper bound for every decoder. \end{proof} Fix a decoder from Lemma~\ref{lem:extreme}. Write \begin{equation} \sigma_b=\Phi(\rho_b),\qquad \Delta=\sigma_0-\sigma_1,\qquad d=\tfrac12\|\Delta\|_1\leq\delta(\Phi). \end{equation} For each encoder effect, \begin{equation} Z_m=1+k\Tr(E_m\Delta),\qquad 1-kd\leq Z_m\leq1+kd. \label{eq:extremez} \end{equation} The endpoint values are attainable by the negative and positive spectral projectors of $\Delta$, respectively. Its zero eigenspace may be assigned arbitrarily. \subsection{Two different output labels} Suppose $y_0\ne y_1$ and relabel these messages as $0$ and $1$. Their correct weights are \begin{equation} w_0(0)=p+k\Tr(E_0\sigma_0),\qquad w_1(1)=A-k\Tr(E_1\sigma_1). \end{equation} Every other correct weight is zero. For any $t\in[0,1]$, \begin{align} w_0(0)-tZ_0 &=p-t+k\Tr\!\left[E_0\bigl((1-t)\sigma_0+t\sigma_1\bigr)\right] \leq A-t, \label{eq:activezero}\\ w_1(1)-tZ_1 &=A-t-k\Tr\!\left[E_1\bigl(t\sigma_0+(1-t)\sigma_1\bigr)\right] \leq A-t. \label{eq:activeone} \end{align} The operators inside both traces are positive and have trace one. The first trace is at most one and the second is nonnegative. The two inequalities hold with equality at $E_0=\id$ and $E_1=0$. For each remaining message, \eqref{eq:extremez} gives \[ w_m(m)-tZ_m=-tZ_m\leq-t(1-kd). \] Summing these inequalities yields \begin{equation} \sum_m\bigl(w_m(m)-tZ_m\bigr) \leq 2(A-t)-t(M-2)(1-kd). \label{eq:residual} \end{equation} Choose \begin{equation} R_2(d)=\frac{2A}{2+(M-2)(1-kd)} =\frac{2A}{M-(M-2)kd}. \label{eq:r2} \end{equation} This value is in $[0,1]$, since its denominator is at least $2$ and $2A<2$. Setting $t=R_2(d)$ makes the right-hand side of \eqref{eq:residual} zero. Dividing by $\sum_mZ_m>0$ proves $R\leq R_2(d)$. Equality is attained by the two constant active effects above and the negative spectral projector of $\Delta$ for every inactive message. Finally, $R_2(d)$ is nondecreasing in $d$, so $R\leq R_2(\delta(\Phi))$. \subsection{One common output label} Suppose instead that $y_0=y_1=y_*$. The only nonzero correct weight is $w_{y_*}(y_*)=Z_{y_*}$. The ratio \eqref{eq:single} is increasing in $Z_{y_*}$ and decreasing in every other $Z_m$. These normalizers can be chosen independently through the message-dependent effects. Equation~\eqref{eq:extremez} therefore gives the exact maximum for these preparations as \begin{equation} R_1(d)=\frac{1+kd}{(1+kd)+(M-1)(1-kd)} =\frac{1+kd}{M-(M-2)kd}. \end{equation} Because $d\leq1$ and $1+k=2A$, it follows that \begin{equation} R_1(d)\leq\frac{1+k}{M-(M-2)kd}=R_2(d) \leq R_2(\delta(\Phi)). \end{equation} Together with Lemma~\ref{lem:extreme} and \eqref{eq:aggregate}--\eqref{eq:seedbound}, this proves the upper bound in Theorem~\ref{thm:main} for every finite seed alphabet. \subsection{A cyclic construction attaining the bound} Choose states $\rho_0,\rho_1$ attaining \eqref{eq:diameter}, and choose an effect $H$ such that \begin{equation} \Tr\!\left[H\bigl(\Phi(\rho_0)-\Phi(\rho_1)\bigr)\right] =-\delta(\Phi). \end{equation} The negative spectral projector is one choice. Let $s$ be uniform on $\mathbb Z_M$. Given $b=0$, the decoder outputs $s$ and prepares $\rho_0$; given $b=1$, it outputs $s+1$ modulo $M$ and prepares $\rho_1$. Set \begin{equation} E^s_m= \begin{cases} \id,&m=s,\\ 0,&m=s+1,\\ H,&m\notin\{s,s+1\}. \end{cases} \label{eq:cyclic} \end{equation} For any fixed message $m$, exactly one seed places $m$ in the first active role and exactly one in the second. In either active role, $w^s_m(m)=A$ and $Z^s_m=1$. In each of the remaining $M-2$ roles, $w^s_m(m)=0$ and $Z^s_m=1-k\delta(\Phi)$. Thus \begin{equation} \overline w_m(m)=\frac{2A}{M},\qquad \overline Z_m=\frac{2+(M-2)(1-k\delta(\Phi))}{M}. \end{equation} Every message attains the ratio in \eqref{eq:main}, proving equality and attainment. If $M=2$, a single fixed seed with labels $0,1$ and effects $\id,0$ already gives success $A$ for both messages, so no seed is necessary. The construction uses $M$ seed values, with entropy $\log_2M$. This is a sufficient size, not a minimality result. Storage in binary memory requires $\lceil\log_2M\rceil$ cells. Exact uniform sampling from fair bits may use a variable number of bits when $M$ is not a power of two; storage and random-bit generation are different resource costs. \section{Why the normalization convention matters} \label{sec:example} Take $M=3$, $p=1/10$, and a forward channel with $\delta(\Phi)=1$. For each message, the cyclic construction has three equally likely raw seed branches with pairs \begin{equation} \bigl(w^s_m(m),Z^s_m\bigr): \qquad (9/10,1),\quad(9/10,1),\quad(0,1/5). \end{equation} Mixing the weights first gives \begin{equation} P_{\mathrm{raw}}(m\mid m) =\frac{(9/10+9/10+0)/3}{(1+1+1/5)/3} =\frac9{11}. \end{equation} By contrast, externally mixing the same three normalized branches gives \begin{equation} P_{\mathrm{external}}(m\mid m) =\frac13\left(\frac{9/10}{1}+\frac{9/10}{1}+\frac0{1/5}\right) =\frac35. \end{equation} This compares two conventions for the \emph{same construction}; it is not a calculation of the optimum under \eqref{eq:external}. The normalized seed probabilities in the raw model are $5/11,5/11,1/11$, rather than $1/3$ each. Which seed is suppressed depends on the message. Conditional on the inactive seed, success is zero. There is an elementary postselection interpretation of this bookkeeping. Since $Z^s_m\leq2A$, one may define an abstract joint distribution in which a sampled seed is accepted with probability $Z^s_m/(2A)$ and, upon acceptance, outputs $y$ with probability $w^s_m(y)/Z^s_m$. Conditioning on acceptance gives \eqref{eq:raw} and \eqref{eq:posterior}. This observation explains the change in the seed law. It does \emph{not} implement the stipulated backward channel, establish a causal realization of the loop, or show that the abstract acceptance rule respects a physical communication constraint. The theorem therefore applies only when the seed is included in the ensemble that is normalized. Requiring the seed distribution to remain message-independent after conditioning, or demanding a guarantee for every realized seed, changes the feasible resource model and requires a separate analysis. \section{The channel coefficient and concrete comparisons} \label{sec:diameter} The reduction to $\delta(\Phi)$ makes the dependence on the forward channel explicit. Its identification with an established contraction coefficient is important for both interpretation and attribution. \begin{proposition} \label{prop:coefficient} For an input space of dimension at least two, \begin{equation} \delta(\Phi)= \sup_{\rho\ne\sigma} \frac{\TD(\Phi(\rho),\Phi(\sigma))}{\TD(\rho,\sigma)} =\max_{\langle u,v\rangle=0} \TD\bigl(\Phi(|u\rangle\langle u|),\Phi(|v\rangle\langle v|)\bigr). \label{eq:dobrushin} \end{equation} Here $u,v$ are unit vectors. For a one-dimensional input space, $\delta(\Phi)=0$. \end{proposition} \begin{proof} For distinct states, write the Jordan decomposition as \[ \rho-\sigma=t(\omega_+-\omega_-),\qquad t=\TD(\rho,\sigma)>0, \] where $\omega_+$ and $\omega_-$ are states with orthogonal supports. Linearity shows that the ratio in \eqref{eq:dobrushin} is $\TD(\Phi(\omega_+),\Phi(\omega_-))\leq\delta(\Phi)$. Conversely, if $\delta(\Phi)>0$, a diameter-attaining pair has $02$, \eqref{eq:main} is strictly increasing in the diameter. Thus a fixed-basis classical restriction need not match the optimized quantum carrier. Nor should a model with shared seed storage be equated with a model in which that resource is forbidden. \subsection{Boundary checks} The formula has the following special values: \begin{equation} \begin{aligned} M=2:&\quad \Sraw=1-p,\\ \delta=0:&\quad \Sraw=\frac{2(1-p)}{M},\\ \delta=1:&\quad \Sraw=\frac{1-p}{1+(M-2)p}. \end{aligned} \end{equation} At $p=1/2$, every normalizer equals one and the weights are independent of the message. Their minimum diagonal entry is at most $1/M$, attained by a uniform output distribution, so the result extends to $\Sraw=1/M$. For $M=1$, always outputting the unique message gives success one. The endpoint $p=0$ is excluded: arbitrary protocols can then have zero normalizers, and a theorem at that endpoint needs an explicit admissibility convention. Taking a limit of \eqref{eq:main} alone does not settle that question. \section{Relation to previous work and scope} \label{sec:related} Ji, Lloyd, and Wilde define retrocausal communication through normalized channel contractions \cite{JLW}. Their architecture includes a decoder, forward memory, and an encoder; their treatment allows resources beyond the fixed noisy carrier and seed-only assistance considered here. In particular, their protocols do use shared randomness, so the present resource distinction must not be described as an absence of shared randomness in their framework. The noisy-forward-memory rate tradeoff raised there is a broader asymptotic problem. Equation~\eqref{eq:main} is a one-use, classical-message result with a binary classical backward channel and does not solve that general tradeoff. Ji, Regula, and Wilde's postselected communication model already uses a worst-message ratio of correct conclusive weight to total conclusive weight \cite{JRW}. Their principal assisted results concern entanglement and nonsignalling resources. Mixing a seed at the unnormalized level is consistent with the usual bookkeeping of a shared resource before conditioning, but consistency of normalization is not a resource-preserving equivalence between the two communication tasks. No such equivalence is assumed in this proof. The individual tools used here are also established. The channel coefficient is the Dobrushin coefficient \cite{FMS,HR}; binary trace-distance optimization and the qubit communication-value geometry are not new \cite{CGDJ}. Frenkel and Weiner prove equality of classical and quantum expected rewards in an ordinary finite-level storage game \cite{FW}, while Bowles, Quintino, and Brunner explicitly distinguish independent-device and shared-randomness assumptions in prepare-and-measure settings \cite{BQB}. These results caution against interpreting a resource-specific equality as a general claim about classical and quantum communication. Their objectives and constraints are not identical to \eqref{eq:objective}. The contribution proposed in this note is therefore limited to the exact formula, its proof, and its finite attaining construction for the specified normalized-loop model. A bounded examination of the cited primary sources did not identify this exact statement. That examination is not an exhaustive priority search, and independent human assessment of originality remains pending. \section{Reproducibility and open questions} The analytic proof is supplemented by finite computational checks. Exact rational enumeration tests the unseeded aggregate optimum for four classical channels, $M\in\{2,3,4\}$, and $p\in\{1/10,3/10,1/2\}$, giving $36$ parameter settings. These enumerations check all extreme classical encoder and decoder choices in their finite alphabets. Separate checks verify symbolic identities, $304$ cyclic-construction settings, and the $9/11$ versus $3/5$ normalization example. An additional test implementation checks $220$ exact construction cases and $1800$ randomly generated quantum protocols. The recorded tests pass. Such checks can detect implementation or algebraic mistakes; they are not a proof, a physical simulation, or independent human review. The theorem leaves several distinct questions open. The minimum necessary seed size is not determined. Optimizing the external-mixture model \eqref{eq:external}, or imposing seed-wise success or a message-independent posterior seed law, requires a different analysis. Larger backward alphabets, multiple channel uses, and restrictions on seed storage may introduce channel parameters beyond the binary output diameter. Any claim about physically realizable backward communication would require a separate physical model and evidence absent from this mathematical construction. \paragraph{Code and data availability} The companion archive contains the checking scripts and machine-readable results. It is publicly available as \texttt{shared\_seed\_loop\_reproducibility (1).zip} in \url{https://github.com/dapyle11/normalized-loop-memory}. The deposited archive was verified against the final reproducibility package on 31 October 2026. The manuscript source archive is separate from the computational archive. \paragraph{AI assistance and review status} Lyra, an OpenAI AI assistant, carried out the technical derivations, code-based verification, literature screening, and manuscript drafting in an AI-assisted workflow directed by Daniel A. Pyle. It is disclosed as a tool and is not a coauthor. 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