\begin{tikzpicture}[x=1cm,y=1cm,every node/.style={font=\small}]
\path[use as bounding box] (0,-.65) rectangle (14.7,7.25);
\node[anchor=west] at (.1,7) {(a)};
\node at (2.1,7) {\(M\), with \(n=5\)};
\foreach \j in {0,...,4}
  \node[font=\footnotesize] at ({.9+.5*\j},6.55) {\(\j\)};
\foreach \i in {0,...,4}
  \node[font=\footnotesize] at (.38,{6.12-.5*\i}) {\(\i\)};
\foreach \i/\bits in {0/{0,0,0,0,0},1/{0,0,0,0,1},2/{0,1,1,0,0},3/{1,1,0,0,1},4/{1,1,0,1,1}} {
  \foreach \b [count=\j from 0] in \bits {
    \ifnum\b=1
      \fill[black!12] ({.65+.5*\j},{5.87-.5*\i}) rectangle ++(.5,.5);
    \fi
    \draw[black!35] ({.65+.5*\j},{5.87-.5*\i}) rectangle ++(.5,.5);
    \node at ({.9+.5*\j},{6.12-.5*\i}) {\(\b\)};
  }
}
\node[font=\footnotesize] at (3.45,6.55) {$R_i$};
\foreach \i in {0,...,4}{\node[font=\footnotesize] at (3.45,{6.12-.5*\i}) {$\i$};}
\node[font=\footnotesize] at (.38,3.55) {$Q_j$};
\foreach \j/\q in {0/2,1/3,2/1,3/1,4/3}{\node[font=\footnotesize] at ({.9+.5*\j},3.55) {$\q$};}
\node[font=\footnotesize] at (1.9,3.0) {\(\sum_{i,j}M_{ij}=10\)};
\draw[-{Latex},thick] (3.8,5.6)--(4.65,5.6)
  node[midway,above,font=\footnotesize] {decode};
\node[anchor=west] at (4.55,7) {(b)};
\node at (9.15,7) {A representative path};
\draw[very thick,blue!70!black] (5.2,5.6)--(7.7,5.6);
\draw[very thick,orange!85!black] (7.7,5.6)--(10.2,5.6);
\draw[thick] (10.2,5.6)--(12.7,5.6);
\node[circle,draw,fill=white,inner sep=2.8pt] at (5.2,5.6) {};
\foreach \x in {7.7,10.2,12.7}
  \node[circle,draw,fill=black,inner sep=2.8pt] at (\x,5.6) {};
\foreach \x/\v/\b in {5.2/{v_1}/{M_{11}=0},7.7/{x_{14}}/{M_{14}=1},10.2/{x_{41}}/{M_{41}=1},12.7/{v_4}/{M_{44}=1}}{
  \node at (\x,6.05) {\(\v\)};
  \node[font=\footnotesize] at (\x,5.08) {\(\b\)};
}
\node[font=\footnotesize,text=black] at (6.45,5.86) {\(T_{14}\)};
\node[font=\footnotesize,text=black] at (8.95,5.86) {\(E_{14}\)};
\node[align=center,text width=9cm,font=\footnotesize] at (9.1,4.12)
  {Filled vertices are landmarks. The matrix selects \(v_2,v_4\)\\
   and eight internal vertices. Both histograms use all ten.};
\node[anchor=west] at (.1,2.40) {(c)};
\node[text=black] at (3.55,2.40) {\(T_{14}=v_1x_{14}\)};
\node[anchor=west] at (7.05,2.40) {(d)};
\node[text=black] at (10.5,2.40) {\(E_{14}=x_{14}x_{41}\)};
\foreach \ox/\col/\vals in {1.2/{blue!70!black}/{1,1,3,3,2,0},8.15/{orange!85!black}/{2,1,2,3,1,1}}{
  \begin{scope}[shift={(\ox,.20)}]
  \draw[-{Latex}] (-.42,0)--(4.1,0);
  \draw[-{Latex}] (-.42,0)--(-.42,1.75);
  \node[font=\footnotesize,rotate=90] at (-1.0,.85) {count};
  \node[font=\footnotesize,anchor=west] at (3.75,-.3) {distance};
  \foreach \h in {1,2,3}{
    \draw (-.48,{.45*\h})--(-.36,{.45*\h});
    \node[left,font=\footnotesize] at (-.5,{.45*\h}) {\(\h\)};
  }
  \foreach \v [count=\j from 0] in \vals {
    \fill[\col!75] ({.7*\j-.2},0) rectangle ({.7*\j+.2},{.45*\v});
    \node[above,font=\footnotesize] at ({.7*\j},{.45*\v+.03}) {\(\v\)};
    \node[below,font=\footnotesize] at ({.7*\j},-.03) {\(\j\)};
  }
  \end{scope}
}
\node[font=\footnotesize] at (3.3,-.45) {No landmark is at distance five.};
\node[font=\footnotesize] at (10.25,-.45) {One landmark is at distance five.};
\end{tikzpicture}